Smoky Mountain Bible Institute
(Est. 2009) Lesson #70
Philosophy: what is it, and why does it matter? More
importantly, as this is a Bible institute, why does it or even should it matter
to a Christian? The next couple of
issues are going to provide essential tools for intelligent debate by helping
you identify and avoid logical fallacies.
A logical fallacy is, in essence, an error of reasoning. It occurs when someone
adopts a position, or tries to persuade someone else to adopt a position, based
on reasoning that breaks down due to poor structure. Some logical fallacies are
more common than others, and as such, have been named and defined. There are
both formal and informal fallacies but we will just take a walk through some
logical fallacies and give examples to help you understand them.
Let’s start with some of the more common ones that we
deal with as Christians. The one you will experience the most is the ad hominem attack, from the Latin
for "to the man" or "to the person", because the fallacy
does not respond to the substance of the argument made, it responds by
attacking the character of the person making the argument. The ad hominem
reasoning is not always fallacious
however; for example, when it relates to the credibility of statements of fact.
Questioning the trustworthiness of a witness is one valid method for helping to
determine the truth of their claims. However many people often use this method
to dismiss Biblical truth, and here is my favorite example:
“The God of the Old Testament is arguably the most
unpleasant character in all fiction: jealous and proud of it; a petty, unjust,
unforgiving control-freak; a vindictive, bloodthirsty ethnic cleanser; a
misogynistic, homophobic, racist, infanticidal, genocidal, filicidal,
pestilential, megalomaniacal, sadomasochistic, capriciously malevolent bully.” (Richard
Dawkins)
Besides
being offensive and blasphemous, this statement actually commits a number of
fallacies but as an ad hominem attack on God, Dawkins is in essence saying you
should not believe in God because He is so mean (I always wonder why he is so
angry about a God he argues does not exist or how that non-existent God can be
mean?) We deal with this error all the
time as Christians when we speak the truth in love about the truth claims of
scripture. For example:
Person 1: “You should not do that sinful thing. It is
bad for you and others. Please stop and ask for and receive God’s forgiveness.”
Person 2: “You are a mean judgmental Christian! Do not
talk to me anymore!”
Notice
that this ad hominem attack also is self-defeating; judgmentally condemning you
for being judgmental!
Let’s
look at other logical fallacies:
Faulty Cause (post hoc ergo propter hoc) mistakes a correlation or
association for causation by assuming that because one thing follows another it
was caused by the other. For example: “A black cat crossed your path yesterday
and, sure enough, you were involved in an accident later that same afternoon.”
Sweeping Generalization (dicto simpliciter) assumes that what is true of the
whole will also be true of every part, or that which is true in most instances
will be true in all instances. This
is also sometimes known as “stereotyping”. For example: “They must be rich because
they are members of the country club, and everybody who belongs to that club is
rich.”
Hasty Generalization draws a conclusion by referring to a small or
unrepresentative sample. Often, a single example or instance is used as the
basis for a broader generalization. This is similar to citing Anecdotal Evidence. For example: “All of those movie
stars are really rude. I asked one for an autograph and he told me to get lost.”
Faulty Analogy (either literal or figurative) assumes that because
two things, events, or situations are alike in some known respects, that they
are alike in other unknown respects. For example: Many Germans today shy away
from German patriotism because they feel that… “German patriotism is equal
to Nazism.” The underlined part is the faulty analogy.
Appeal to Ignorance (argumentum ad ignorantiam) attempts to use an
opponent's inability to disprove a conclusion as proof of the validity of the
conclusion, i.e. "You can't prove I'm wrong, so I must be right." For
example: “We can safely conclude that there is intelligent life elsewhere in
the galaxy, because thus far no one has been able to prove that there is not.” This
is also known as one of the weakest forms of argumentation based on the silence
of the evidence.
But enough fallacies for now. More next month!
In Christ,
Robert Portier
